1. Use of drugs when
no drug is indicated, as for example, use of antibiotic for viral upper respiratory infection.
2. Use of wrong drug
for specific conditions , as for example- Tetracycline in childhood diarrhea
requiring ORS.
3. The use of
medicines with doubtful/unproven efficacy. e.g., the use of antimotility agents
such as loparamide in acute diarrhoea.
4. use of medicines
having uncertain safety status, e.g., the use of dipyrone to relieve visceral
pain.
5. Failure to provide
available safe and effective drugs, e.g. , the failure to vaccinate against
measles or tetanus, failure to prescribe ORS for acute diarrhoea.
6 Use of correct
medicines with incorrect administration, dosages and duration, e.g. the use of
intravenous metronidazole when
suppository or oral formulation would
be appropriate.
7.The use of effective
medicine but one which has higher level of potential toxicity, e.g. injection
kanamycin/gentamicin;
8.Prescribing new
costly medicine even when an alternative cheaper medicine of equal efficacy is
available, e.g. prescribing diclofenac. ketoprofen and piroxicam.. Whereas
aspirin is available, cheap and efficacious with very similar risks of side
effects for the relieve of somatic pains and inflammation
9. Excessive cost for
unnecessary therapy-e.g., the use of terfenadine instead of chlorpheniramine.
10.Indiscriminate
use of injections e.g., AIDs, HB virus infection through unnecessary use
of injections.
11.Overuse and
misuse of antibiotics cause drugs resistance, adverse reaction, super
infection, and excessive cost.
